Gold (color)
| Gold (golden) |
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— Color coordinates —
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| Hex triplet |
#FFD700 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(255, 215, 0) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(51°, 100%, 100%) |
| Source |
X11 |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
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Gold, also called golden, is one of a variety of orange-yellow color blends used to give the impression of the color of the element gold.
The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden to distinguish it from the color metallic gold. The use of gold as a color term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color "metallic gold" (shown below).
The first recorded use of golden as a color name in English was in 1300 to refer to the element gold and in 1423 to refer to blond hair.[1]
Metallic gold, such as in paint, is often called goldtone or gold-tone. In model building, the color gold is different from brass. A shiny or metallic silvertone object can be painted with transparent yellow to obtain goldtone, something often done with Christmas decorations.
Variations
Gold (metallic gold)
| Metallic Gold |
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— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#D4AF37 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(212, 175, 55) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(46°, 74%, 83%) |
| Source |
ISCC NBS |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
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At right is displayed a representation of the color metallic gold (the color traditionally known as gold) which is a simulation of the color of the actual metallic element gold itself—gold shade.
The source of this color is the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955), a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps—See color sample of the color Gold (Color Sample Gold (T) #84) displayed on indicated web page:[2]
The distinctive sheen of a metallic color cannot be indicated on a computer screen, as the web color display process has no mechanism for indicating metallic or fluorescent colors.
The first recorded use of gold as a color name in English was in the year 1400.[1]
Web color gold vs. metallic gold
The American Heritage Dictionary defines the color metallic gold as "A light olive-brown to dark yellow, or a moderate, strong to vivid yellow."
Of course, the visual sensation usually associated with the metal gold is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a simple solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the material's reflective brightness varying with the surface's angle to the light source.
This is why, in art, a metallic paint that glitters in an approximation of real gold would be used; a solid color like that of the cell displayed in the box to the right does not aesthetically "read" as gold. Especially in sacral art in Christian churches, real gold (as gold leaf) was used for rendering gold in paintings, e.g. for the halo of saints. Gold can also be woven into sheets of silk to give an East Asian traditional look.
More recent art styles, e.g. art nouveau, also made use of a metallic, shining gold; however, the metallic finish of such paints was added using fine aluminum powder and pigment rather than actual gold.
Cal Poly Pomona gold
| Cal Poly Pomona Gold |
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— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#C6930A |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(198, 147, 10) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(44°, 94.9%, 77.6%) |
| Source |
[1] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
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Cal Poly Pomona gold is one of the two the official colors of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona). The official university colors are green (PMS 349) and gold (PMS 131). The Cal Poly Pomona Office of Public Affairs created the Cal Poly Pomona colors for web development and has technical guidelines, copyright and privacy protection; as well as logos and images that developers are asked to follow in the University's Guidelines for using official Cal Poly Pomona logos. If web developers are using gold on a university website, they are encouraged to use Cal Poly Pomona gold. It is notable for its prominent use representing Cal Poly Pomona's athletic teams, the Cal Poly Pomona Broncos.
University of California Gold
| University of California Gold |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#b78727 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(183, 135, 39) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(40°, 78.7%, 71.8%) |
| Source |
UC Berkeley[3] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
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This is a shade of gold identified by the University of California, Berkeley in their graphic style guide for use in on-screen representations of the gold color in the university's seal. For print media, the guide recommends to, "[u]se Pantone 874 metallic or Pantone 139 yellow and 540 or 294 blue".[3]
Satin sheen gold
At right is displayed the color satin sheen gold. This is the name of the color of the Starfleet command personnel uniform worn by Captain Kirk of the Starship Enterprise in the TV show and movies Star Trek.[4][6][7]
Vegas gold
| Vegas Gold |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#C5B358 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(197, 179, 88) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(50°, 55%, 77%) |
| Source |
[Unsourced] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
|
|
Displayed at right is the color Vegas gold.
Vegas gold, rendered within narrow limits, is associated with the glamorous casinos and hotels of the Las Vegas Strip, United States. Vegas gold, along with navy blue, is one of the official athletic colors for the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. It is also one of the official colors of the University of Central Florida Knights, the UAB Blazers, and the Pittsburgh Penguins, along with black and white. Although in the case of the Pittsburgh Penguins the color previously had been yellow. Vegas gold is also the official color of the Vanderbilt Commodores.
Old gold
| Old Gold |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#CFB53B |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(207, 181, 59) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(49°, 71%, 81%) |
| Source |
[Unsourced] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
|
|
Old gold is a dark yellow, which varies from heavy olive or olive brown to deep or strong yellow. The widely-accepted color old gold is on the darker rather than the lighter side of this range.
The first recorded use of old gold as a color name in English was in the early 19th century (exact year uncertain).[8]
Maroon and old gold are the colors of Texas State University's intercollegiate sports teams. Old gold and black are the team colors of Purdue University Boilermakers intercollegiate sports teams. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets wear white and old gold. The Wake Forest Demon Deacons wear old gold and black. The New Orleans Saints list their official team colors as black, old gold and white.
Pale gold
| Pale Gold |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#E6BE8A |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(230, 190, 138) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(34°, 40%, 90%) |
| Source |
Crayola |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
|
|
The color pale gold is displayed at right.
This has been the color called gold in Crayola crayons since 1958.
Golden poppy
| Golden Poppy |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#FCC200 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(252, 194, 0) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(47°, 98%, 97%) |
| Source |
[Unsourced] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
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Golden poppy is a shade of gold that is the color of the California poppy-- the official state flower of California--the Golden State.
The first recorded use of golden poppy as a color name in English was in 1927.[9]
The source of this color is a color sample taken from the article on the California poppy.
Sunglow
| Sunglow |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#FFCC33 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(255, 204, 51) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(50°, 99%, 98%) |
| Source |
Crayola |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
|
|
The color sunglow is displayed at right.
This is a Crayola crayon color formulated in 1990.
Sunglow is also called "MU Gold" by the University of Missouri and is used as the official school color along with black.[10]
Golden yellow
| Golden yellow |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#FFDF00 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(255, 223, 0) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(52.5°, 100%, 100%) |
| Source |
[Unsourced] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
|
|
Golden yellow is the color halfway between amber and yellow. It is a color that is 87.5% yellow and 12.5% red.
The first recorded use of golden yellow as a color name in English was in the year 1597.[11]
Golden brown
| Golden brown |
|
— Color coordinates —
|
| Hex triplet |
#996515 |
| RGBB |
(r, g, b) |
(153, 101, 21) |
| HSV |
(h, s, v) |
(51°, 37%, 47%) |
| Source |
ISCC-NBS |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
|
|
At right is displayed the color golden brown.
The first recorded use of golden brown as a color name in English was in the year 1891.[12] Golden brown is commonly referenced in recipes as the desired color of properly baked foods.
Source of color: ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)--Color Sample of golden brown (color sample #74)(matches color called golden brown in A Dictionary of Colorby Maerz and Paul):
Golden in nature
Protista
Plants
Animals
Golden in human culture
Alcoholic beverages
- Beer is poetically called the golden brew.
Architecture
Art
Awards
- The highest award for achievement in many fields is called the Gold medal.
Business
- In finance, golden symbolizes of course the element Gold, the standard of monetary value throughout human history.
- In monetary policy, the gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold.
- Gold is a popular investment throughout the world.
- In stock market terminology, a golden share is a nominal share which is able to outvote all other shares in certain specified circumstances, often held by a government organization, in a government company undergoing the process of privatization and transformation into a stock-company.
- In marketing, the term Gold Standard refers to a product that so satisfies the consumer that it functions as a standard for all other products of the same type.
- In human resources, a business executive or professional who has an employment contract that gives them a generous severance pay is said to have a golden parachute.
- In executive compensation, a golden coffin is a package of benefits that continues to accrue to the heirs of a CEO even after the CEO has died.[13]
- In advertising for the Union Pacific Railroad in the 1950s, the southwestern states of the United States served by the Union Pacific were collectively called The Golden Empire because the railroad's diesel engines were and are colored golden, red, and black. Ads with maps showing the Union Pacific's Golden Empire colored golden were placed in many popular mass-circulation magazines.
Cosmetology
- Blonde hair in women (or sometimes men) is sometimes referred to poetically as golden. It is estimated by geneticists that the gene for blonde hair originated about 3000 BC in the area now known as Lithuania among the recently arrived Proto-Indo-European settlers of the area (Lithuania is still the country that has the highest percentage of people with blonde hair); it is thought the gene spread quickly through sexual selection into Scandinavia when that area was settled because men found women with blonde hair attractive.[14][15]
Culture
- A past era during which the highest quality art was produced or in mythology during which humans were believed to have lived a Utopian lifestyle, is called a golden age.
Drugs
Education
- In K-12 education, when students do well on an assignment, the teacher sometimes gives them a gold star by their name on the classroom bulletin board.
Exploration
Fables
Food
Gemstones
- South Sea Pearls, which have historically been cultured in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, in the countries of Myanmar, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Northern Australia but mostly attributed to the former thalassocratic Sultanate of Sulu[17] have a gold colored variety from the Pinctada maxima Pearl oyster. This golden pearl is the national gemstone of the Philippine Republic[18] This can now be manufactured in the laboratory at a much lower cost.[19]
Genetic engineering
Geography
- California is called the Golden State because California is where the California Gold Rush began in 1849.
- The Golden Gate (the strait that connects the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco Bay), was named on 1 July 1846 by explorer John C. Frémont who wrote, "To this Gate I gave the name of Chrysopylae, or Golden Gate; for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn."[20]
- The Golden Gate Bridge is cited by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.
- In Cantonese, Northern California is called Gum Shan (Gold Mountain) (Mandarin: Jin Shan) because of the gold fields the Forty-Niners travelled to and because Chinese Americans regarded it as a place to get rich by starting their own business.
- Golden, Colorado, a suburb of Denver, is most noted for being the headquarters of the Coors Brewing Company. Also, appropriately, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, which does research on solar energy, is located in Golden, Colorado.
- In Texas, the area in the southeastern portion of the state is often called the Golden Triangle for its great economic wealth in the petroleum, natural gas and chemical industry.
- The Golden Triangle of Pittsburgh is the urban downtown center of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is located at the confluence of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River whose joining forms the Ohio River.
- Before Ghana became independent in 1957, it was a British colony called Gold Coast.
- The Golden Triangle of China comprises the triangular-shaped territory of Wu-speaking Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province in east-central China. This area is a megalopolis of 50 million people centered on the metropolis of Shanghai.
- In ancient Sanskrit, the area we now call Southeast Asia (including both mainland Southeast Asia and the area now known as Maritime Asia (i.e., Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines)) was referred to by the people of ancient India as Suvarnadvipa, which means Golden island (suvarna=golden; dvipa=island).[21] The name Suvarnadvipa comes originally from the fact that there were rich gold deposits on the island of Sumatra. The Greek geographer Ptolemy mistakenly applied the Ancient Greek name for gold, Chryse, to the neighboring country of Malaya.[22]
- In the traditional national anthem of Iran, Iran is called our golden country. The first lines of the anthem are: "Oh Iran, our golden country, your land is the wellspring of art. Let the thoughts of your enemies be far from you."[23]
Gerontology
History
Interior design
Law
Legend
Literature
- The Golden Ass by Lucius Apuleius, written in the 2nd century AD, is a classic satire of life in the Roman Empire
- The Golden Legend, compiled around the year 1260 by Jacopo da Varagine is a collection of fanciful hagiographies or lives of the saints, that became a late medieval bestseller.
- In the science fiction space opera the Lensman series heptalogy by E.E. Smith, in Volume One of the series, the 1948 book Triplanetary, the Golden Meteor is the insignia that was initially adoped as the symbol of the Galactic Patrol. (It was later replaced by the Lens of Arisia.)[27][28]
- The Golden Apples of the Sun is a 1953 collection of thirty-two of the most famous short stories by Ray Bradbury.
- The Golden Man is a 1954 science fiction short story by Philip K. Dick. The story is set in a post-apocalyptic future, where the existence of potentially powerful mutants has become a reality.
- The Golden Notebook is a 1962 novel by British Nobel Prize-winning author Doris Lessing.
- Goldfinger is a 1958 novel by British author Ian Fleming in the James Bond series. The story concerns a villain, named Auric Goldfinger whose obsessive love for gold inspires him to rob Ft. Knox gold depository. The subsequent 1964 film adaptation is one of the most notable films of the decade, in particular the famous image of the "golden girl", portrayed by actress Shirley Eaton.
- Heart of Gold is a fictional starship in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series by Douglas Adams.
- In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows the Polyjuice Potion with Harry Potter's hair turned "clear, bright gold".
Magic
Marriage
- The 50th wedding anniversary is called the Golden Anniversary and one is expected to give gifts made of gold to a couple celebrating that anniversary. By extension, the 50th anniversary of any important event is called the golden jubilee.
Military
- The Gold Star Mothers Club is a club in the United States to provide support for mothers that have lost sons or daughters in military combat.
Music
Mythology
Nazi Germany
Panelology
Parapsychology
Philosophy
Politics
Professions
- A person who attains notoriety at a young age in a their chosen profession is called a golden boy or a golden girl.
Religion
- The color golden is associated with Buddhism:
- The Doctrine of the Golden Mean is a chapter in the Li Ji, one of the Four Books of Confucianism.
- The Secret of the Golden Flower is an important religious text in Daoism.
- The Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab, India, is the holiest site of the Sikh religion.
- The Golden Mosque in Samarra, Iraq, a Shiite Muslim holy site constructed in 944, was the target of the Golden Mosque bombing on 22 February 2006.
- The Golden Calf of the Old Testament, in Judaism and Christianity, is generally thought to symbolically represent the false worship of the god Mammon (i.e., wealth), instead of the true God of the Bible, Jehovah.
- The color golden has an important place in the Latter Day Saint movement:
- In the New Age Ascended Master Teachings of the Church Universal and Triumphant (which are based on Theosophy) it is believed that the Master Kuthumi has a special organization around him called the Order of the Brothers of the Golden Robe that is dedicated to the enlightenment of humanity through the second ray of wisdom.[34]
- In Scientology, The Gold Base is the informal name of the international headquarters of the Church of Scientology,[35][36] located on a 500-acre (2.0 km2) parcel of land near Hemet, California. The area is the home of Golden Era Productions, the media and publications division of the church.
- In all world religions, the golden rule is promulgated as a basic standard of human conduct.
Role playing games
Sorority colors
Sororities which use gold as an official color include:
Sports
- A gold medal is a medal awarded to the first-place finisher of contests (typically athletics competitions) such as the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, etc.
- In Major League Baseball, the Milwaukee Brewers, Oakland Athletics, and Pittsburgh Pirates use gold as one of their team's primary colors. A Gold Glove Award is given to the best player at each fielding position in each major league.
- In the NBA, the Cleveland Cavaliers, Washington Wizards and the Boston Celtics use "old gold" as an accent to their primary colors wine, blue and green, respectively. The Los Angeles Lakers, Indiana Pacers, Denver Nuggets, Golden State Warriors, Memphis Grizzlies, New Orleans Hornets and Oklahoma City Thunder also use gold as an accent color, although the shade is mostly yellowish in appearance.
- Fans of the National Football League will note the Pittsburgh Steelers, Washington Redskins, and Green Bay Packers as having gold as a color. The gold they use, however, is a distinctly more yellow color (akin to the non-metallic web color version) than the traditional "old gold" used by the New Orleans Saints, San Francisco 49ers, and Saint Louis Rams. In both cases, the color is referred to as "gold", with the yellow shade sometimes referred to as "athletic gold" when distinguishing it from the metallic shades.
- In the NHL, twelve teams currently use a form of gold in their color schemes. The Boston Bruins are the oldest team to do so, and have always used a yellow "athletic" gold; they have even worn several gold sweaters throughout the years. Other teams using athletic gold include the St. Louis Blues, Buffalo Sabres (excluding the 1996-2006 period), Calgary Flames, Florida Panthers (who use a darker, more metallic shade in their logo), Nashville Predators, and Atlanta Thrashers. Teams that have switched from athletic gold to a metallic shade include the Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars), Pittsburgh Penguins, and Anaheim Ducks. The Ottawa Senators and Minnesota Wild have always used metallic gold. In addition, the Los Angeles Kings and Vancouver Canucks have used versions of athletic gold in the past. The Kings, Canucks, and Penguins have also worn gold sweaters color in the past.
- In college sports, the U.S. Military Academy and the U.S. Naval Academy use gold as a primary color.
- The Golden Gloves is the name given to annual competitions for amateur boxing in the United States.
- The Gold Coast is an area just south of Brisbane, Australia, that is noted for its excellent surfing.
State decorations
Surnames
- Gold (or names containing the word Gold) is a common surname among people of Jewish ancestry of European ancestry (Ashkenazi Jews).
Vexillology
- Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belgium, Bhutan, China, Colombia, Egypt, Ecuador, Germany, Malaysia, the Philippines[37] Spain, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, Vietnam are examples of modern nations that use the color golden in their national flags.
- The Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 800 to 1806, had a golden flag with a black double-headed Imperial Eagle on the field, the origin of the use of the color golden in the German and Belgian flags.
- The Byzantine Empire from 1261 until its collapse in 1453 had a flag that had a black double-headed eagle on a field of golden. This flag is still used today as the flag of the Mount Athos autonomous region in Greece.[38]
- The Hispanic Flag (Bandera de la Raza) is an ethnic flag that is golden and deep lilac on a white background. It is also used as the Flag of Hispanic America. (This flag is sometimes also called the Flag of the Americas when used on a non-ethnic basis to symbolically represent the combined geographical area of North America and South America together.): File:Hispanic Flag2.png
See also
References
- ^ a b Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 195
- ^ "Retsof online version of ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names - Ga through Gz". Tx4.us. http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-g.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ a b "Graphic Style Guide" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley, University Relations Department. 2009-03-30. http://identity.berkeley.edu/guidelines/berkeley-graphic-style-09.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
- ^ a b Dillard, J.M. Star Trek: The Lost Years New York:1989 Pocket Books Page 17
- ^ J. M. Dillard (2002). Star Trek V: The Final Frontier. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0743454235. http://books.google.com/books?id=DvPAuwYP7hcC&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=satin-sheen-gold+star-trek&source=bl&ots=VYPgELvwi8&sig=C41YToMYjaVvI_9oKxIeuZZ2Fn8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result.
- ^ J. M. Dillard (2002). Star Trek V: The Final Frontier. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0743454235. http://books.google.com/books?id=DvPAuwYP7hcC&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=satin-sheen-gold+star-trek&source=bl&ots=VYPgELvwi8&sig=C41YToMYjaVvI_9oKxIeuZZ2Fn8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result.
- ^ Photo of Captain Kirk:
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 200; Color Sample of Old Gold Page 51 Plate 14 Color Sample K5
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196; Color Sample: golden poppy Page 41 Plate 9 Color Sample L12
- ^ "MU Logo Guidelines for the Web". Webcom.missouri.edu. 2008-04-25. http://webcom.missouri.edu/policy/logo-guidelines.php. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 195; Color sample of golden yellow: Page 43--Plate 10 Color Sample L7
- ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 195; Color sample of golden brown: Page 51--Plate 14 Color Sample F12
- ^ "CEOs Make Money After They Die With Golden Coffin Benefits:". Businesspundit.com. 2008-06-10. http://www.businesspundit.com/ceos-make-money-after-they-die-with-golden-coffin-benefits/. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; and Piazza Alberto The History and Geography of Human Genes Princeton, New Jersey: 1994 Princeton University Press Page 266
- ^ Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
- ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (2007-07-08). "Calderon's Offensive Against Drug Cartels—Washington Post Sunday, July 8, 2007 Page A15:". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701280.html?sub=AR. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ The sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines pioneered the pearl culture of the South Sea Pearls
- ^ President Ramos issues Proclamation No. 905. declaring that the golden strain of the South Sea Pearls is to be the Philippine's national gemstone.
- ^ National Geographic magazine, August 2006, page 31
- ^ Gudde, Erwin G. California Place Names (2004) University of California Press, London, England. ISBN 0-520-24217-3.
- ^ Bharati, Agehananda The Tantric Tradition New York:1965 Samuel Weiser Page 62
- ^ "Suvarnadvipa and the Chryse Chersonesos by W. J. van der Meulen Indonesia, Vol. 18, Oct., 1974 (Oct., 1974), pp. 1-40 doi:10.2307/3350691:". Links.jstor.org. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0019-7289(197410)18%3C1%3ASATCC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Satrapi, Marjane Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood New York:2003 Pantheon (Random House) ISBN 0-375-42230-7 Page 83
- ^ Norwich, John Julius Byzantium:The Early Centuries (Volume I of three volume History of the Byzantine Empire) New York:2001 Alfred A. Knopf Page 301
- ^ Powell, A.E. The Solar System (A complete outline of the Theosophical scheme of evolution) Wheaton, Illinois:1930 Theosophical Press Page 228
- ^ Maupin, Armistead Tales of the City New York:1978 Harper and Row
- ^ Ellik, Ron and Evans, Bill (Illustrations by Bjo Trimble) The Universes of E.E. Smith Chicago:1966 Advent Publishers Page 129
- ^ Smith, E.E. Triplanetary Reading, Pennsylvania, USA:1948 -- Fantasy Press Page 140
- ^ Overstreet, Robert M. Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide 38th Edition New York:2008 (Glossary Pages--1026-1031) Page 1028
- ^ Uncle Scrooge #24 December 1958—February 1959 Published quarterly by Dell Publishing Co. The Twenty Four Carat Moon
- ^ Swami Panchadasi The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 34
- ^ Oslie, Pamalie Life Colors: What the Colors in Your Aura Reveal Novato, California:2000--New World Library Golden Auras: Page 341
- ^ Arthur E. Powell The Astral Body and Other Astral Phenomenon Wheaton, Illinois:1927—Theosophical Publishing House Page 12
- ^ "Kuthumi" (Channeled through Elizabeth Clare Prophet) Studies of the Human Aura Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA:1975 Summit University Press Page 20
- ^ Affidavit of Andre Tabayoyan United States District Court, Central District of California case no. CV 91 6426 HLH (Tx)
- ^ Affidavit of Jesse Prince United States District Court, Central District of California, San Jose Division case no. C-95-20091 RMW (EAI)
- ^ "Philippines Flag - World Flags 101 - Philippinian Flags". World Flags 101. http://www.worldflags101.com/p/philippine-flag.aspx. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
- ^ Flag of the Byzantine Empire:
